Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/Pan American Journal of Public Health

English
ABSTRACT

This document outlines the methodology of the Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (Health, Well-Being, and Aging) survey (known as the "SABE survey"), and it also summarizes the challenges that the rapid aging of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean imposes on society in general and especially on health services. The populations of the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean are aging at a rate that has not been seen in the developed world. The evaluation of health problems and disability among older adults in those countries indicates that those persons are aging with more functional limitations and worse health than is true for their counterparts in developed nations. In addition, family networks in Latin America and the Caribbean are changing rapidly and have less capacity to make up for the lack of protections provided by social institutions. The multicenter SABE study was developed with the objective of evaluating the state of health of older adults in seven cities of Latin America and the Caribbean: Bridgetown, Barbados; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Havana, Cuba; Mexico City, Mexico; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile; and São Paulo, Brazil. The SABE survey has established the starting point for systematic research on aging in urban areas of Latin America and the Caribbean. Comparative studies of these characteristics and with this comparative nature should be extended to other countries, areas, and regions of the world in order to expand the knowledge available on older adults.

Keywords: Health, quality of life, aging, population, Latin America, Caribbean Region.

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RESUMEN

El presente documento reseña la metodología de la encuesta SABE y los desafíos que impone a la sociedad en general y a los servicios de salud en particular el rápido envejecimiento de la población en América Latina y el Caribe. La Región esta envejeciendo a un ritmo que no se ha observado en el mundo desarrollado, y la evaluación de problemas de salud y discapacidad indica que los adultos mayores están envejeciendo con más limitaciones funcionales y peor salud que sus semejantes en países desarrollados. Además, las redes familiares están cambiando rápidamente y tienen menos capacidad de suplir la falta de protección social institucional. El estudio multicéntrico SABE se creó con el objetivo de evaluar el estado de salud de las personas adultas mayores de siete ciudades de América Latina y el Caribe: Buenos Aires, Argentina; Bridgetown, Barbados; La Habana, Cuba; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile; México, D.F., México y São Paulo, Brasil. La encuesta SABE establece el punto de partida para la investigación sistemática del envejecimiento en zonas urbanas de la Región de América Latina y el Caribe. Se recomienda que estudios de estas características y con este ánimo comparativo se extiendan a otros países, zonas y regiones, para enriquecer el conocimiento sobre las personas adultas mayores.

Palabras clave: Salud, calidad de vida, envejecimiento, población, América Latina, Región del Caribe.

English

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate self-reported general health (SRGH) as a health indicator and to analyze its covariates in people 60 years old or older living in private homes in seven cities of Latin America and the Caribbean.
METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was based on data from the Health, Well-Being, and Aging survey (Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento, or "SABE survey"), which was carried out in 1999 and 2000 in Bridgetown, Barbados; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Havana, Cuba; Mexico City, Mexico; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile; and S�o Paulo, Brazil. The survey looked at the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the participants, several health indicators (self-reported chronic diseases, depression, and cognitive features), the social and family support network, the use of health services, reported and observed functionality, the respondent's income, and the durable consumer goods in the household. In probit regression models, self-reported fair or poor health was used as the dependent variable. The marginal effect of each categorical explanatory variable was used to indicate the difference between the probability of reporting poor health by persons who did or did not have a given characteristic. RESULTS: In all the cities studied the self-reporting of "excellent" health was very low (6% or less). The results of the multivariate analysis of the relationships between SRGH and covariates showed: (1) the relative importance of several health indicators as covariates of SRGH, (2) the association between sociodemographic characteristics and SRGH, and (3) the differences or similarities found among the seven cities with respect to the relationships studied. The level of self-rated good health was highest in Buenos Aires and Montevideo (60%), followed by Bridgetown and S�o Paulo (around 50%) and Havana, Santiago, and Mexico City (between 30% and 40%). The respondents' evaluation of their memory was the factor that was most strongly related to SRGH, followed by satisfaction with nutritional status and satisfaction with life.
CONCLUSIONS: The SRGH captured multiple facets of the health of the older adults, such as suffering from chronic diseases, the degree of satisfaction with the level of nutrition and with life, perception of memory, and any functional problems. More detailed studies should be undertaken to try to determine the role that the emotional health of older adults in Latin America and the Caribbean plays in the demand for health care, and to determine if there is some association between SRGH and the use of health services.

Keywords: Aged; aged, 80 and over; activities of daily living; health status.

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RESUMEN

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el autoinforme de salud general (ASG) como indicador de salud y analizar sus covariables en personas de 60 años de edad o más que residían en hogares privados en siete centros urbanos de América Latina y el Caribe.
MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal basado en los datos de la encuesta Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE) realizada entre 1999 y 2000 en: Bridgetown, Barbados; Buenos Aires, Argentina; México, D.F., México; Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile; y São Paulo, Brasil. Se exploraron las características demográficas y socioeconómicas de los participantes, algunos indicadores de salud (autoinforme de enfermedades crónicas, padecimiento de depresión y elementos cognoscitivos), la red social y familiar de apoyo, el uso de los servicios de salud, la funcionalidad informada y observada, los ingresos del encuestado y los bienes de consumo duraderos en su vivienda. En los modelos de regresión (probit) se utilizó una salud regular o mala según el autoinforme como variable dependiente. Se empleó el efecto marginal de cada variable explicativa categórica para indicar la diferencia entre la probabilidad de informar mala salud de las personas que tenían y de las que no tenían una característica dada.
RESULTADOS: En todas las ciudades estudiadas fue muy baja la propensión a informar salud "excelente" (6% o menos). Los resultados del análisis con múltiples variables de la relación entre el ASG mala o regular y las covariables mostraron: 1) la importancia relativa de varios indicadores de salud como covariables del ASG; 2) la asociación entre las características sociodemográficas y el ASG; y 3) las diferencias o similitudes encontradas entre los siete centros urbanos con respecto a las relaciones estudiadas. La proporción de autoinforme de buena salud fue mayor en Buenos Aires y Montevideo (60%), seguidas de Bridgetown y São Paulo (alrededor de 50%) y de Ciudad de La Habana, Santiago y México, D.F. (entre 30 y 40%). La evaluación de la propia memoria fue el factor más fuertemente asociado con el resultado del ASG, seguido de la satisfacción con el estado nutricional y con la vida.
CONCLUSIONES: El ASG captó múltiples facetas de la salud de los adultos mayores, como el padecimiento de enfermedades crónicas, su grado de satisfacción con el nivel de nutrición y con la vida, su percepción del estado de la propia memoria y los problemas de funcionalidad que sufrían. Se deben emprender estudios más detallados que permitan establecer el papel que desempeña la salud emocional en la demanda de atención sanitaria de los adultos mayores en América Latina y el Caribe y determinar si existe alguna asociación entre el ASG y el uso de los servicios de salud.

Palabras clave: Ancianos, ancianos de 80 años y más, actividades cotidianas, estado de salud.

English
SYNOPSIS

We are moving away from the year 2000, and the goal of "health for all" remains distant. Economic globalization, which many consider to be one of the most serious threats to health, moves ahead, along with globalization of international health policies. A small number of powerful actors are in charge of setting the agenda, and they relegate to an inferior position the World Health Organization, which has moved away from the goal of "health for all." All of this has helped to promote a neoliberal mentality in the field of health. The People's Health Movement was created with the objective of reestablishing the right to comprehensive health and to development with equity as principal priorities of health policies at the local, national, and international levels. The People's Health Movement uses as a strategy the People's Charter for Health, which was approved at the first People's Health Assembly, which was held in Bangladesh in 2000. The Charter expresses collective concerns and the belief in a better and healthier world as a meeting point in order to promote a world health movement and a call for radical action. In July 2005 the People's Health Movement will hold the People's Health Assembly 2, in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. The slogan of that meeting will be "The voices of the earth are calling!�let's build a healthy world." Among the topics that will be examined at the meeting are: health as a fundamental human right; militarization and occupation; environmental degradation; emerging and reemerging pandemics; equity, poverty, and health; the importance of cultural diversity; social and political violence; health in the hands of the people; health at work; traditional medicine and bioenergetic medicine; gender; and health sector reform. The objective of the People's Health Movement is to help to reach the Millennium Development Goals and to smooth the path toward attaining health for all, in Latin America and the Caribbean as well as in the rest of the world.

Key words: policy making, health policy, primary health care, Americas.

English
ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship between selected chronic diseases and the presence of disability in inhabitants 60 years old or older in seven cities of Latin America and the Caribbean.
METHODS: In 2000 and 2001 a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 10 891 persons 60 or older in seven cities: Bridgetown, Barbados; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Havana, Cuba; Mexico City, Mexico; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile; and S�o Paulo, Brazil. This research was part of the Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (Health, Well-Being, and Aging) project (known as the "SABE project"). The dependent variables in the study were difficulty in performing basic activities of daily living, and difficulty in performing instrumental activities of daily living. Compiled from self-reports, the independent variables were: age, sex, educational level, living alone or with other person(s), self-assessed health, and the presence or not of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, and osteoarthritis. The presence of depression and cognitive impairment in the participants was evaluated, and body mass index was also calculated. To compare the degree of influence of the different variables on disability, a standardized coefficient for each association was calculated.
RESULTS: In the seven cities studied, the variables that showed a direct association with difficulty in carrying out basic activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living were: suffering from a higher number of noncommunicable diseases, from cerebrovascular diseases, from osteoarthritis, or from depression; being older; being female; rating one's own health as bad; and experiencing cognitive impairment. In general the strongest associations were between difficulty in carrying out instrumental activities of daily living and depression, being older, reporting one's health as bad, and the presence of cerebrovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, or cognitive impairment.
CONCLUSIONS: Our research provides the first systematized description of the associations between disability and chronic noncommunicable diseases in older adults in Latin America and the Caribbean. Difficulties that older adults have in carrying out instrumental activities of daily living are the first ones to appear. Therefore, follow-up mechanisms should be established that make possible the early detection of this type of disability.

Keywords: Aging, disabled persons, chronic disease, activities of daily living, health status.

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RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Identificar la relación entre determinadas enfermedades crónicas y la presencia de discapacidad en habitantes de 60 años o más de siete centros urbanos de América Latina y el Caribe que participaron en el estudio multicéntrico Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento (SABE).
MÉTODOS: En 2000 y 2001 se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con una muestra de 10 891 personas de 60 años o más que residían en siete ciudades de la Región: Bridgetown, Barbados; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba; México, D.F., México; Montevideo, Uruguay; Santiago, Chile, y São Paulo, Brasil. Las variables dependientes fueron la dificultad para realizar actividades básicas y actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (ABVD y AIVD, respectivamente). Las variables independientes, recopiladas mediante autoinforme, fueron la edad, el sexo, el nivel educacional, el vivir solo o acompañado, la evaluación de la propia salud y la presencia o no de hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, cáncer, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, cardiopatía isquémica (CI), enfermedades cerebrovasculares (ECV) y artrosis. Se evaluó la presencia de depresión y deterioro cognoscitivo en los participantes y se calculó su índice de masa corporal. Para comparar el grado de influencia de las diferentes variables sobre la discapacidad, se calculó un coeficiente estandarizado para cada caso.
RESULTADOS: Las variables que mostraron una asociación directa con dificultades para realizar ABVD y AIVD en las ciudades estudiadas fueron: padecer de un mayor número de enfermedades no transmisibles, de ECV o de artrosis, así como tener mayor edad, ser mujer, evaluar la salud propia como mala, tener deterioro cognoscitivo y padecer de depresión. En general, las asociaciones más fuertes se encontraron entre la dificultad para realizar AIVD, por un lado, y por el otro la depresión, mayor edad, la evaluación de la salud propia como mala y la presencia de ECV, artrosis o deterioro cognoscitivo.
CONCLUSIONES: Se ofrece por primera vez una descripción sistematizada de la asociación entre la presencia de discapacidad y de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en adultos mayores en América Latina y el Caribe. Como las dificultades de los adultos mayores para realizar AIVD son las primeras en aparecer, se deben establecer mecanismos de seguimiento que permitan detectar tempranamente este tipo de discapacidad.

Palabras clave: Salud del anciano, personas con discapacidad, enfermedad crónica, actividades cotidianas, estado de salud.

English
ABSTRACT

OBJETIVE: To determine the prevalence of blindness and of cataract blindness in persons 50 years of age or older in Piura and Tumbes, which are two departments in northern Peru, and to describe the coverage and quality of cataract surgery services in that area, and the barriers that prevent access to those services.
METHODS: Systematic sampling of persons 50 years old or older was done in Piura and Tumbes between August 2002 and March 2003, with 80 clusters of 60 people each being selected. Of the 4 800 persons chosen, 4 782 of them were examined, using a survey instrument that gathered general information on each person, the results of the visual acuity test and the lens examination, and information on cataract surgery or why that surgery had not been done. Visual acuity (VA) testing was done with a Snellen optotype with the letter "E," with sizes of 20/60 and 20/200 at distances of 6 m and 3 m, respectively, with the person using the visual correction (glasses) available. When the VA was less than 20/60 in one of the eyes, vision was tested with pinhole glasses.
RESULTS: The prevalence of bilateral blindness (VA < 20/400) due to cataract, adjusted by age and sex, was 2.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7% to 2.6%). Among the 193 persons with bilateral blindness due to any cause, cataract was the cause in 104 of them (53.9%). The prevalence of blindness due to cataract or other causes increased with age and was higher in women than in men. Only 25% of the persons studied who needed cataract surgery had had that done. The prevalence of bilateral VA less than 20/200 due to unoperated cataract was 6.3% (95% CI: 5.3% to 7.3%); only 12% of the persons with that level of visual deficiency had had cataract surgery. The VA of 26% of the eyes operated on for cataract was lower than 20/200. The reasons given by persons who needed cataract surgery but who had not had it included not being able to pay for the operation (28%), lack of knowledge concerning cataracts (25%), fear of the operation (23%), and fear of completely losing their sight (17%).
CONCLUSIONS: Most of the cases of blindness and of serious deficiency in visual acuity in persons 50 years old or older in Piura and Tumbes are due to uncorrected refractive defects, especially cataracts. The high prevalence of bilateral blindness due to cataracts (2.1%) could be reduced with measures that facilitate access to appropriate treatment.

Keywords: Blindness, cataract, prevalence, adult, Peru.

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RESUMEN

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de ceguera y de ceguera por catarata en personas de 50 años o más en Piura y Tumbes, Perú, y caracterizar la cobertura y la calidad de los servicios de cirugía de catarata y las barreras que impiden acceder a estos servicios.
MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron 80 conglomerados de 60 personas de 50 años o más cada uno, mediante muestreo sistemático en los departamentos de Piura y Tumbes, Perú, entre agosto de 2002 y marzo de 2003. Del total de 4 800 personas seleccionadas se examinaron 4 782 personas mediante una encuesta que recogía la información general de la persona, los resultados de los exámenes de agudeza visual (AV), del examen del cristalino y los antecedentes quirúrgicos por catarata o la razón por la que no se la había operado. La AV se evaluó mediante un optotipo de Snellen con la letra "E" con tamaños de 20/60 y de 20/200 a una distancia de 6 m y 3 m, respectivamente, con la corrección disponible (lentes). Cuando la AV resultó menor de 20/60 en alguno de los ojos, se evaluó la visión con agujero estenopeico.
RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de ceguera bilateral (AV < 20/400) ajustada según la edad y el sexo en personas de 50 años o más fue de 2,1% (IC95%: 1,7 a 2,6%). La catarata fue la principal causa de ceguera bilateral (53,3%). La prevalencia de ceguera, ya fuera por catarata u otras causas, aumentó con la edad y fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres. La cobertura de los servicios de catarata en este grupo fue de 25%. La prevalencia de AV bilateral menor de 20/200 debida a catarata no operada en personas de 50 años o más fue de 6,3% (IC95%: 5,3 a 7,3) con una cobertura de servicios de apenas el 12%. La AV de 26% de los ojos operados por catarata fue inferior a 20/200. Las personas no operadas manifestaron no poder pagar la cirugía (28%), desconocimiento acerca de la catarata (25%), temor a la operación (23%) y temor a perder totalmente la visión (17%).
CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados del presente trabajo indican que la mayor parte de los casos de ceguera y de deficiencia grave de la agudeza visual en personas de 50 años o más en Piura y Tumbes, Perú, se deben a defectos refractivos no corregidos y, especialmente, a cataratas. La elevada prevalencia de esta afección (2,1%) se puede reducir con medidas que faciliten el acceso de las personas de 50 años o más a los tratamientos apropiados.

Palabras clave: Ceguera, catarata, prevalencia, salud del adulto, Perú.

English
SYNOPSIS

The low priority that is given to old age in national policies in Latin America and the Caribbean compels older adults to depend more on their own efforts, organization, and leadership role, as well as on support from their families and the community, in order to meet their basic needs. Various organizations of older adults have gained important ground and benefits in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, the duties and rights of older persons have continued to be limited due to the managerial and financing weaknesses of those organizations, the low level of participation in the organizations by older adults, and limited governmental support. The older-adult organizations should become sustainable entities that are capable of taking on a greater leadership role. The Inter-American Development Bank has funded a project presented by Red Tiempos (Times Network), its branches in Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, and other public entities in these countries, with the objective of increasing the capacity and influence of that network and its branches. Through this project, the Times Network has created a decentralized platform that provides technical assistance and training to the participating country networks, with the aim of increasing their organizational strength, coordination with governments, and fundraising. The results that have been achieved so far show that empowering the civil society of older adults can lead to their socioeconomic and civic integration and to their increased participation in the task of facilitating the new intergenerational social contract that is required by the new stage of development and the demographic pattern that Latin America and the Caribbean are now experiencing.

Keywords: aged, health services for the aged, organizations.

English
Mental disorders in Latin America and the Caribbean: a public health priority

Objective. The growing burden of mental disorders in Latin America and the Caribbean has become too large to ignore. There is a need to know more about the prevalence of mental disorders and the gap between the number of individuals with psychiatric disorders and the number of those persons who remain untreated even though effective treatments exist. Having that knowledge would make it possible to improve advocacy, adopt better policies, formulate innovative intervention programs, and apportion resources commensurate with needs.
Methods. Data were extracted from community-based psychiatric epidemiological studies published in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1980 through 2004 that used structured diagnostic instruments and provided prevalence rates. Estimates of the crude rates in Latin America and the Caribbean for the various disorders were determined by calculating the mean and median rates across the studies, by gender. In addition, data on service utilization were reviewed in order to calculate the treatment gap for specific disorders.
Results. Nonaffective psychosis (including schizophrenia) had an estimated mean one-year prevalence rate of 1.0%; major depression, 4.9%; and alcohol use abuse or dependence, 5.7%. Over one-third of individuals with nonaffective psychosis, over half of those with an anxiety disorder, and some three-fourths of those with alcohol use abuse or dependence did not receive mental health care from either specialized or general health services.
Conclusions. The current treatment gap in mental health care in Latin America and the Caribbean remains wide. Further, current data likely greatly underestimate the number of untreated individuals. The epidemiological transition and changes in the population structure will further widen the treatment gap in Latin America and the Caribbean unless mental health policies are formulated or updated and programs and services are expanded.

Key words Mental health, mental disorders, mental health services, health resources, health policy, Latin America, Caribbean Region.

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Objetivo. La creciente carga de trastornos mentales que afecta a las poblaciones de América Latina y el Caribe es demasiado grande para hacer caso omiso de ella. Por lo tanto, es una necesidad impostergable conocer la prevalencia de los trastornos mentales y la brecha de tratamiento, que está dada por la diferencia entre las tasas de prevalencia verdadera y las de las personas que han sido tratadas, que en algunos casos es grande pese a la existencia de tratamientos eficaces. Si se dispone de mayor informacion, se hace más factible 1) abogar mejor por los intereses de las personas que necesitan atención, 2) adoptar políticas más eficaces, 3) formular programas de intervención innovadores y 4) adjudicar recursos en conformidad con las necesidades observadas.
Métodos. Los datos se obtuvieron de estudios comunitarios publicados en América Latina y el Caribe entre 1980 y 2004. En esas investigaciones epidemiológicas se usaron instrumentos diagnósticos estructurados y se estimaron tasas de prevalencia. Las tasas brutas de diversos trastornos psiquiátricos en América Latina y el Caribe se estimaron a partir de las tasas media y mediana extraídas de los estudios, desglosadas por sexo. También se extrajeron los datos correspondientes al uso de servicios de salud mental para poder calcular la brecha en el tratamiento según trastornos específicos.
Resultados. Las psicosis no afectivas (entre ellas la esquizofrenia) tuvieron una prevalencia media estimada durante el año precedente de 1,0%; la depresión mayor, de 4,9%; y el abuso o la dependencia del alcohol, de 5,7%. Más de la tercera parte de las personas afectadas por psicosis no afectivas, más de la mitad de las afectadas por trastornos de ansiedad, y cerca de tres cuartas partes de las que abusaban o dependían del alcohol no habían recibido tratamiento psiquiátrico alguno, sea en un servicio especializado o en uno de tipo general.
Conclusiones. La actual brecha en el tratamiento de los trastornos mentales en América Latina y el Caribe sigue siendo abrumadora. Además, las tasas actuales probablemente subestiman el número de personas sin atención. La transición epidemiológica y los cambios en la composición poblacional acentuarán aun más la brecha en la atención en América Latina y el Caribe, a no ser que se formulen nuevas políticas de salud mental o que se actualicen las existentes, procurando incluir en ellas la extensión de los programas y servicios.

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Service use patterns among adults with mental health problems in Chile

Objective. To describe the patterns in the use of general health services and specialized health services among adults with mental health problems in Chile, as well as those persons’ level of satisfaction with the services. The overall objective was to optimize the use of the limited resources available for mental health care in the countries of the Americas, especially Chile.
Methods. The diagnoses and the patterns of use of mental health services were obtained from the Chilean Study of Psychiatric Prevalence (Estudio Chileno de Prevalencia Psiquiátrica). That representative research on the adult population of Chile was based on a stratified random sample of 2 987 people 15 years old and older, done over the period of 1992 to 1999. The psychiatric diagnoses were obtained using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The interviewees were also asked about their use of general health care services and of mental health services in the preceding six months, as well as any barriers to accessing the services.
Results. More than 44% of the interviewees had had contact with some type of health service during the six months prior to the study, but only 5.6% received specialized care. Those who presented with a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder or of panic disorder consulted more frequently, but not in specialized centers. Consumption of substances such as alcohol and drugs as well as antisocial personality disorder were associated with a low level of consultation. When asked about sources of assistance for mental health problems, the majority of the interviewees mentioned only the formal health care system. More than 75% of the interviewees said that they were satisfied or very satisfied with the care that they had received.
Conclusions. Our results confirm the existence of a wide gap between the need for care and the treatment that is actually received. The informal and folkloric alternative resources (priests, family members, healers, herbalists, etc.) were used less frequently than is generally believed to be true. The indirect barriers of access to services—linked to a lack of knowledge and to stigma—were more frequent than were the direct barriers. A sizable number of people who did not have a positive diagnosis on the CIDI utilized mental health services.

KeywordsCommunity mental health services, mental disorders, patient satisfaction, Chile.

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Objetivo. Describir el patrón de uso de servicios generales y especializados entre los adultos con problemas de salud mental, así como su nivel de satisfacción con dichos servicios, con la finalidad de contribuir a optimizar los escasos recursos disponibles en la Región para la atención de la salud mental, particularmente en lo que corresponde a Chile.
Método. Los diagnósticos y los patrones de uso de los servicios de salud mental se obtuvieron del Estudio Chileno de Prevalencia Psiquiátrica (ECPP), una investigación representativa de la población adulta del país, basada en una muestra aleatoria estratificada de 2 987 personas de 15 años y más, que abarcó el período de 1992 a 1999. Los diagnósticos psiquiátricos se obtuvieron por medio del instrumento de entrevista denominado Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Asimismo, se preguntó a los entrevistados acerca del uso de servicios generales y de salud mental en los seis meses precedentes y sobre las dificultades que encontraron para acceder a ellos.
Resultados. Más de 44% de los entrevistados tuvieron contacto con algún tipo de servicio de salud durante los 6 meses previos al estudio, pero solo 5,6% recibieron atención especializada. Quienes presentan los diagnósticos de trastorno obsesivo y de pánico consultan con mayor frecuencia, pero no en centros especializados. El consumo de sustancias tóxicas y la personalidad antisocial se relacionaron con un bajo nivel de consulta. El sistema formal de salud es la opción que más se menciona como recurso de ayuda. Más de 75% refieren satisfacción o gran satisfacción con la atención recibida.
Conclusiones. Se confirma la existencia de una amplia brecha entre las necesidades de atención y el tratamiento realmente recibido. Los recursos alternativos informales y folclóricos (sacerdote, familiares, curanderos, hierbateros [yerberos], etc.) se utilizan con una frecuencia menor de la esperada. Las barreras indirectas de acceso a los servicios resultan claramente más frecuentes y se vinculan con desconocimiento y estigma. Un número importante de personas sin diagnóstico positivo en la entrevista CIDI hace uso de los servicios de salud mental.

English

Technical cooperation strategies of the Pan American Health Organization in the new phase of mental health services reform in Latin America and the Caribbean

The beginning of the new millennium coincided with the start of a new phase in the reform of mental health services in Latin America and the Caribbean. This new phase has imposed new priorities and prompted new technical cooperation strategies at the international level. This piece points out the main characteristics of the first phases in the reform of mental health services in Latin America and the Caribbean, discusses the factors that led to the phase that started in 2001, and describes the strategies and the technical cooperation activities of the Pan American Health Organization to deal with the challenges that have arisen in the current stage of reform. The piece also considers the prospects for international cooperation in this field, as well as the advantages of establishing a program for the reform of mental health services in the Americas that would contribute to the combined efforts of governments and international organizations in an action plan with defined objectives. The piece recommends taking advantage of the celebration of the 15th anniversary of the Declaration of Caracas in order to launch an action plan that gives new impetus to mental health services reform in the Americas.

Key words Mental health, health care reform, Latin America, Caribbean region.

Español

La entrada en el nuevo milenio coincidió con el inicio de una nueva fase de la reforma de los servicios de salud mental en América Latina y el Caribe. Esta nueva fase ha impuesto nuevas prioridades e inspirado nuevas estrategias de cooperación técnica a escala internacional. En el presente artículo se mencionan las características principales de las primeras fases de la reforma de los servicios de salud mental en América Latina y el Caribe, se discuten los factores que llevaron a la fase iniciada en 2001 y se describen las estrategias y acciones de cooperación técnica desarrolladas por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud para enfrentar los desafíos surgidos en la etapa actual de la reforma. Además, se exponen algunas reflexiones sobre las perspectivas de la cooperación internacional en este campo, así como las ventajas de establecer un programa regional para la reforma de los servicios de salud mental que facilite el trabajo conjunto de los gobiernos y de las organizaciones internacionales en un plan de acción con objetivos definidos. Se recomienda aprovechar la celebración del decimoquinto aniversario de la Declaración de Caracas para lanzar un plan de acción regional que dé un nuevo impulso a la reforma de los servicios de salud mental.

English
The national mental health plan in Chile: 10 years of experience

Dealing with mental health problems is undoubtedly an increasingly important public health responsibility around the world. In Chile, because of the changes in the epidemiological profile of the population, the lifetime prevalence of mental and behavioral disorders has reached 36%. In response, the Ministry of Health of Chile, through its Mental Health Unit, prepared the National Plan for Mental Health and Psychiatry. The Plan establishes objectives, strategies, and steps to improve the well-being and mental health of Chileans. This piece describes the model of care for mental health and psychiatry used in Chile’s public health care system, analyzes the main difficulties encountered and the achievements made in the 10 years that the Plan has been in place, and makes recommendations for improving the Plan. Over the 10-year period, the new model for mental health and psychiatry has managed to make a place for itself in the public health care system. Indicators show that the beneficiaries of the public health care system in Chile now have greater access to mental health services than before the new model of community care was established, have broader health care coverage, and receive better quality services.