Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/Pan American Journal of Public Health

Objectives. There is evidence that health care during pregnancy is a crucial component in ensuring a safe delivery. Because the infant mortality rate in Costa Rica is almost half the rate of Panama, the researchers tested the hypothesis that women in Costa Rica are more knowledgeable about prenatal health care than women in neighboring Panama.
Methods. A multiple-choice survey was used to evaluate women’s knowledge of prenatal care using WHO recommendations as the nominal standard. Oral surveys were administered to 320 women in Costa Rican and Panamanian health care clinics. The surveys consisted of multiple-choice questions designed to assess four specific domains of knowledge in prenatal care: nutrition, danger signs, threats from illness, and acceptable activities during pregnancy. Survey answers were scored, and significant factors in assessing women’s knowledge of prenatal care were determined using analysis of variance and general linear models.
Results. Costa Rican women scored higher than Panamanian women in most domains of knowledge in prenatal health care. Only country of origin and educational level were significant factors in determining knowledge of prenatal care. However, country of origin was a stronger predictor of knowledge of prenatal care than was having completed high school.
Conclusions. These data suggest that Costa Rican women are more knowledgeable about necessary prenatal care than Panamanian women, and that this difference is probably related to direct education about and promotion of prenatal care in Costa Rica. This suggests an influence of cultural health care awareness that extends beyond the previously established negative correlation between maternal educational level and infant mortality.

Conocimientos de las mujeres de Costa Rica y Panamá sobre el cuidado de la salud durante el embarazo

Objetivos. El cuidado de la salud durante el embarazo es un componente crucial para garantizar un parto sin riesgo. Como la mortalidad infantil en Costa Rica es casi la mitad de la registrada en Panamá, se probó la hipótesis de que las mujeres costarricenses conocen más acerca de los cuidados durante el embarazo que las panameñas.
Métodos. El conocimiento de las mujeres acerca de los cuidados de la salud durante el embarazo se evaluó mediante una encuesta, con las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud como estándar nominal. La encuesta se aplicó verbalmente a 320 mujeres en clínicas de Costa Rica y Panamá. Las preguntas de selección múltiple evaluaron el conocimiento en cuatro dominios específicos: nutrición, señales de alarma, amenazas por enfermedades y actividades aceptables durante el embarazo. Se asignaron puntuaciones a las respuestas. Se emplearon el análisis de varianza y modelos lineares para establecer los factores significativos que determinaron el conocimiento sobre los cuidados prenatales.
Resultados. Las mujeres costarricenses tuvieron una mayor puntuación que las panameñas en la mayoría de los dominios del conocimiento sobre los cuidados de la salud durante el embarazo. Los únicos factores significativos que determinaron esos conocimientos fueron el país de origen y el nivel educacional. El país de origen fue un factor de predicción de estos conocimientos más potente que haber completado la enseñanza media.
Conclusiones. Los resultados indican que las mujeres costarricenses tienen más conocimientos sobre los cuidados necesarios durante el embarazo que las panameñas y que esa diferencia puede estar relacionada con la educación directa sobre los cuidados prenatales y su promoción en Costa Rica. Esto podría indicar que hay una influencia de la cultura de concientización del cuidado de la salud que va más allá de la correlación negativa ya conocida entre la mortalidad infantil y el nivel de educación de la madre.

Social participation in health in rural northeastern Brazil

Objectives. To analyze the social participation taking place through Municipal Health Councils (MHC) in two small towns in northeastern Brazil.
Methods. A qualitative, exploratory, multicase study focused on the MHCs of Lafayete Coutinho (state of Bahia) and Groaíras (state of Ceará) was conducted. Data were gathered from February–April 2005 through analysis of documents, direct observation of MHC meetings, and semistructured interviews. Documents analyzed included decrees, laws, and municipal regulations; city health department annual management reports; municipal health plans; and reports of municipal health conferences. MHC meeting minutes for the period between inception of these councils and 2004 were also reviewed. Interviews of 17 council members took place, eight of whom were from Lafayete Coutinho and nine from Groaíras.
Results. Both councils had irregular practices regarding membership structure and nomination of members, such as frequent changes in appointed members and continuous “reshuffling” of council structure. In addition, new council members were appointed each time a new mayor took charge. Sporadic frequency of meetings was also observed. In Lafayete Coutinho, of 96 meetings planned, just 37 took place; in Groaíras, of 186 meetings planned, 93 took place. Analysis of MHC efforts to formulate and control municipal health policies revealed three themes: health status of the population and public policies; organization and functioning of health services; and financial management and accounting. The interviews showed that council members were dissatisfied with the practices of the MHCs and revealed a lack of confidence in how truly representative the councils are and how much power they have.
Conclusions. Social participation strategies in Brazil must be reconsidered with an angle toward promoting political responsibility and raising awareness among citizens.

Objetivos. Analisar a participação social por meio dos Conselhos Municipais de Saúde (CMS) em dois municípios de pequeno porte do Nordeste do Brasil.
Métodos. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, qualitativo, do tipo casos múltiplos, tendo como objeto de pesquisa os CMS de Lafayete Coutinho (Estado da Bahia) e Groaíras (Ceará). Os dados foram obtidos entre fevereiro e abril de 2005 por meio de análise documental, observação direta das reuniões dos CMS e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Foram analisados decretos, leis e portarias municipais; relatórios anuais de gestão das secretarias municipais de saúde; planos municipais de saúde; e relatórios das conferências municipais de saúde. Também foram analisadas as atas dos conselhos desde a sua criação até o ano de 2004. Foram entrevistados 17 conselheiros de saúde, oito de Lafayete Coutinho e nove de Groaíras.
Resultados. Ambos os conselhos apresentaram irregularidades quanto à composição e à posse dos conselheiros, como a alta rotatividade de representantes e as constantes “reformulações” da composição do conselho. Além disso, o quadro dos CMS era totalmente renovado quando da posse de um novo prefeito. Também foram observadas irregularidades na freqüência das reuniões. Em Lafayete Coutinho, das 96 reuniões previstas foram realizadas 37; em Groaíras, das 186 reuniões previstas o CMS realizou 93. Na análise da atuação do CMS como formulador e controlador das políticas municipais de saúde, emergiram três categorias temáticas: estado de saúde da população e políticas públicas; organização e funcionamento dos serviços de saúde; e gestão financeira e prestação de contas. As entrevistas mostraram a insatisfação dos participantes com as práticas do CMS e a sua descrença quanto à representatividade e ao poder desses conselhos.
Conclusões. É preciso repensar as estratégias de participação social no Brasil a partir da perspectiva do desenvolvimento de práticas sociais de amadurecimento político e elevação da consciência cidadã.

Objectives. To describe the new drugs marketed in Brazil during the period 2000–2004, compare the description to the country’s burden of disease, and suggest initiatives capable of addressing the situation from the perspective of a developing country.
Methods. Records of new drugs were surveyed in an official drug registration database. The new drugs were categorized by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification, indication, and innovation, and compared with the needs of the country’s burden of disease. Data on the morbidity and mortality rates of selected diseases (diabetes, Hansen’s disease, hypertension, tuberculosis) were retrieved from official documents and the literature.
Results. During the period investigated, 109 new drugs were launched. Most were general anti-infectives for systemic use (19), followed by antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (16). The number of new drugs launched in 2004 was roughly one-third that of 2000. Of 65 new drugs, only one-third can be classified as innovative. Most new drugs were intended to treat noninfectious diseases that typically affect developed countries, diseases that constitute only a fraction of the country’s challenges.
Conclusions. A mismatch occurs between public health needs and the new drugs launched on the Brazilian market. Not only did the number of new drugs decrease in the study period, but only a few were actually new in therapeutic terms. Developing countries must acquire expertise in research and development to strengthen their capacity to innovate and produce the drugs they need.

Nuevos medicamentos en Brasil: ¿responden a las necesidades de la salud pública brasileña?

Objetivos. Describir los nuevos medicamentos lanzados al mercado en Brasil durante el período 2000–2004, comparar su descripción con la carga de enfermedades del país y recomendar iniciativas que permitan enfrentar la situación desde la perspectiva de un país en desarrollo.
Métodos. Se buscaron los nuevos medicamentos en una base de datos oficial de registro de medicamentos. Los nuevos medicamentos se categorizaron según la Clasificación Química Anatómico-Terapéutica (ATC), su indicación y su grado de innovación, y se compararon con las necesidades según la carga de enfermedades del país. Los datos de morbilidad y mortalidad de cuatro enfermedades seleccionadas (diabetes, enfermedad de Hansen, hipertensión y tuberculosis) se tomaron de documentos oficiales y de la literatura.
Resultados. En el período investigado se lanzaron al mercado 109 nuevos medicamentos. La mayoría eran antibióticos generales de uso sistémico (19), seguidos de antineoplásicos y agentes inmunomoduladores (16). El número de medicamentos nuevos lanzados en 2004 fue aproximadamente una tercera parte de los lanzados en 2000. De 65 nuevos medicamentos, solamente una tercera parte puede considerarse innovadora. La mayoría de los nuevos medicamentos estaban dirigidos a tratar enfermedades no infecciosas que por lo general afectan a los países industrializados y que constituyen una pequeña parte de los problemas que aquejan a Brasil.
Conclusiones. No hay correspondencia entre las necesidades de salud pública de Brasil y los nuevos medicamentos lanzados al mercado en ese país. No solamente disminuyó el número de nuevos medicamentos en el período estudiado, sino que solo unos pocos eran realmente nuevos en términos terapéuticos. Los países en desarrollo deben ganar experiencia en investigación y desarrollo

Objectives. This study investigated the low rates of hospital/health center births recorded in Yapacaní, Bolivia, that persist despite the national maternal-infant insurance program designed to ensure equitable access to free center-based health care services for pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to identify the multilevel factors inhibiting access to and utilization of public health centers for labor and delivery.
Methods. Qualitative research methods were used, including participant observation, semistructured interviews of 62 community members, and key informant interviews with eight regional experts. Data were coded and analyzed using the grounded theory approach.
Results. From the semistructured interview data, five reasons for the low rate of institutional births and their frequency were identified: (1) fear or embarrassment related to receiving care at a public health care center (37%); (2) poor quality of care available at the health care centers (22%); (3) distance from or other geographic issues preventing timely travel to health care services (21%); (4) economic constraints preventing travel to or utilization of health care services (14%); and (5) the perception that health care services are not necessary due to the experience of “easy birth” (6%).
Conclusions. The reasons for the low rate of births in public health centers exist within the context of deficient resources, politics, and cultural differences that all influence the experience of women and their partners at the time of birth. These large scale, contextual issues must be taken into account to improve access to quality health care services for all Bolivian women at the time of birth. Resources at the national level must be carefully targeted to ensure that governmental services will successfully instill confidence in Bolivian women and facilitate their overcoming the cultural, geographic, economic, and logistical barriers to accessing “free” services.

Barreras al parto hospitalario: ¿por qué muchas bolivianas dan a luz en casa?

Objetivos. Se investigó la baja tasa de partos en hospitales y centros de salud de Yapacaní, Bolivia, que persiste a pesar del programa nacional de seguro materno-infantil diseñado para garantizar el acceso equitativo a centros gratuitos de atención sanitaria para embarazadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores que a diversos niveles inhiben el acceso a centros públicos de salud para partos y su utilización.
Métodos. Se emplearon métodos cualitativos, entre ellos la observación participante, entrevistas semiestructuradas a 62 miembros de la comunidad y entrevistas a informantes clave con ocho expertos regionales. Los datos se codificaron y analizaron mediante el enfoque de teoría fundamentada.
Resultados. A partir de las entrevistas semiestructuradas se identificaron cinco razones para la baja tasa de partos institucionales y se establecieron sus frecuencias: 1) miedo o vergüenza a atenderse en un centro público de salud (37%); 2) baja calidad de la atención en los centros de salud (22%); 3) lejanía u otras barreras geográficas que impedían llegar oportunamente a los centros de salud (21%); 4) limitaciones económicas que impedían hacer el viaje o utilizar los servicios (14%); y 5) la percepción de que la atención sanitaria no era necesaria debido a la experiencia de “partos fáciles” (6%).
Conclusiones. Las razones de la baja tasa de partos observada en los centros públicos de salud estudiados se insertan en un contexto de escasos recursos, políticas deficientes y diferencias culturales que influyen en la experiencia de las mujeres y sus parejas en el momento del parto. Para mejorar el acceso a una atención sanitaria de calidad para todas las mujeres bolivianas en el momento del parto se deben tomar en cuenta estos problemas generalizados y contextuales. A nivel nacional, los recursos deben asignarse con cuidado para garantizar que los servicios gubernamentales logren inspirar confianza a las mujeres bolivianas y faciliten que puedan vencer las barreras culturales, geográficas, económicas y logísticas que obstaculizan su acceso a servicios “gratuitos”.

Objectives. To better understand the individual and community factors and perceptions that influence women’s health care–seeking behaviors during pregnancy in order to increase women’s utilization of maternal health services.
Methods. This study investigates the logistical and sociocultural barriers influencing women’s utilization of maternal health services through 37 semi-structured in-depth interviews with women from the department of Matagalpa, Nicaragua.
Results. Results reveal that delays in seeking health care during pregnancy are influenced not only by poor access to care and economic barriers but also by individual and community knowledge and acceptance of maternal health services. Partner support, previous maternal health care experiences, and the degree of communication with other women and health workers affect women’s decisions to seek care.
Conclusions. Evidence suggests that in order to improve maternal health outcomes in this region, interventions must be targeted at a hierarchy of levels: individual, household, and community.

Utilización de los servicios de salud materna en el departamento de Matagalpa, Nicaragua

Objetivos. Mejorar el conocimiento sobre las percepciones y los factores personales y comunitarios que influyen en la búsqueda de atención médica durante el embarazo, con vistas a aumentar la utilización de los servicios de salud materna.
Métodos. Mediante 37 entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad aplicadas a mujeres del departamento de Matagalpa, Nicaragua, se investigaron las barreras logísticas y socioculturales que influyen en la utilización de los servicios de salud materna.
Resultados. Los resultados muestran que sobre la demora en la búsqueda de atención sanitaria durante el embarazo influyeron no solo el escaso acceso y las barreas económicas, sino también el conocimiento individual y comunitario sobre los servicios de salud materna y su grado de aceptación. El apoyo de la pareja, el haber recibido atención médica durante embarazos previos y el grado de comunicación con otras mujeres y trabajadores sanitarios influyeron en la decisión de las embarazadas de buscar atención.
Conclusiones. Los datos indican que para mejorar la salud materna en esta región, las intervenciones se deben dirigir a diversos niveles: el individuo, el hogar y la comunidad.

Providing quality pharmaceutical services in Brazil: Items pending on the Unified Health System’s agenda

Objective. To identify items on the agenda of Brazil’s Unified Health System that are related to the quality of pharmaceutical services and have not yet been implemented.
Methods. Data were collected from the inspection reports issued by the federal government’s controllership office. Inspection reports completed from August 2004–July 2006, available on the Internet, were reviewed. The issues identified were classified into 15 categories.
Results. Of the 660 inspections that were carried out, 659 were analyzed (one was unavailable). In 62 cities pharmaceutical assistance services had not been audited, therefore, a the final sample of 597 cities was analyzed (10.7% of Brazil’s municipalities). Of these, 90.3% had issues associated with the management of resources or services. In 71% of the municipalities, the reports indicated lack of or deficient inventory control, and in 39%, inadequate storage conditions. A shortage of drugs was observed in 24% of the municipalities.
Conclusions. The goals of Brazil’s national drug and pharmaceutical assistance policies are far from being met. Quality pharmaceutical services must again be included on the agenda at all three government levels since it is impossible to have effective health care without quality pharmaceutical services.

Objetivos. Apontar aspectos inconclusos da agenda do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para a qualificação dos serviços farmacêuticos no Brasil.
Métodos. Os dados foram coletados a partir dos relatórios de fiscalização de municípios elaborados pela Controladoria Geral da União (CGU). Utilizaram-se os relatórios completos de fiscalizações realizadas entre agosto de 2004 e julho de 2006, disponíveis na Internet. Todos os relatórios publicados foram analisados. Os problemas identificados foram organizados em 15 categorias.
Resultados. Foram realizadas 660 fiscalizações e analisados 659 relatórios (um não estava disponível). Em 62 municípios, os recursos da assistência farmacêutica não foram auditados, o que resultou em uma amostra final de 597 municípios (10,7% dos municípios brasileiros). Desses, 90,3% apresentaram problemas na gestão de recursos ou serviços. Em 71% dos municípios foi constatada a falta de controle de estoque ou sua deficiência e em 39% condições inadequadas de armazenamento. Verificou-se falta de medicamentos em 24% dos municípios.
Conclusões. Os propósitos da Política Nacional de Medicamentos e da Política Nacional de Assistência Farmacêutica estão distantes da concretização. O tema deve ser novamente incluído na agenda dos governos nas três esferas, pois não é possível falar em efetividade da atenção à saúde sem que a assistência farmacêutica cumpra o seu papel com qualidade.

Objective. To examine health care use and expenditures by Brazilians covered by private health care plans in the last four years of life.
Methods. Health plan provider enrollee files and death certificate data were used for 274 health plan beneficiaries who died in 1998, 1999, and 2000. Resources used for a beneficiary in the year of death and in the three years prior to death were identified. Descriptive statistical analyses were used for clinical and socio-demographic characteristics and to describe the costs.
Results. Of the 274 deaths included in this analysis, 92 occurred in 1998, 82 in 1999, and 100 in 2000. Most of the deceased were males (61.4%). Distribution in terms of type of health plan coverage (full versus hospitalization-only coverage) was similar among beneficiaries (53% had hospitalization only and 47% had full coverage). The total health plan expenditure in the last four years of life for the 274 decedents was US$ 26 300 283 (US$ 12 287 723 for beneficiaries with hospitalization-only and US$ 14 012 560 for those with full coverage). Expenditures increased progressively in the four years preceding death. About 70% of medical expenses for decedents in the four years of this analysis were incurred in the last year of life.
Conclusion. Relatively large amounts of health care resources are used by Brazilian private health plan participants in their last year of life, suggesting that specific strategies are needed to optimize the allocation of medical care resources for these patients.

Costos de la atención sanitaria en los últimos cuatro años de vida de beneficiarios de seguros privados de salud en Brasil

Objetivo. Examinar la utilización de los servicios de salud y los gastos asociados durante los últimos cuatro años de vida de brasileños con seguro privado de salud.
Métodos. Se emplearon los expedientes del seguro y los certificados de defunción de 274 beneficiarios de seguros de salud que murieron entre 1998 y 2000. Se identificaron los recursos utilizados para cada beneficiario durante el año que murió y los tres años anteriores. Mediante métodos estadísticos descriptivos se analizaron las características clínicas y sociodemográficas y se describieron los costos.
Resultados. De los 274 fallecidos analizados, 92 murieron en 1998, 82 en 1999 y 100 en 2000; la mayoría de ellos (61,4%) eran hombres. La distribución según el tipo de seguro de salud fue similar (cobertura total: 47%; solo cobertura de hospitalización: 53%). El gasto total del seguro de salud en los últimos cuatro años de vida de los 274 fallecidos fue de US$ 26 300 283 (US$ 12 287 723 para los beneficiarios con cobertura de hospitalización solamente y US$ 14 012 560 para los que tenían cobertura total). Los gastos aumentaron progresivamente en los cuatro años previos a la muerte. Cerca de 70% de los gastos médicos de los fallecidos en los cuatro años analizados correspondieron al último año de vida.
Conclusiones. Los brasileños con seguro médico privado utilizan una cantidad relativamente grande de recursos sanitarios en su último año de vida, por lo que se requieren estrategias específicas para optimizar la asignación de recursos de atención médica para estos pacientes.

Universities and health promotion: how can the two come together?

Universities play a leading role in the communities in which they are found. Focused on leadership and developing knowledge, universities are the stage on which community members are formed. Through education, research, and by spreading knowledge, universities guide and support changes at the national and international levels. The university that advances health is one that joins health promotion with its purpose, aiming to foster human development and improve quality of life for its students and employees, thus impacting both the labor and social circles. It aspires to take a leading role in cultural change by raising awareness among the more educated, open, enterprising, and upstanding, and those committed to progress.

This article’s objective is to share a reflective analysis regarding the relationship between the university and health promotion in order to motivate and recommend action items to other universities advanced in this area. This analysis stems from experience gained over several years at the Pontificia Universidad Católica of Chile, through its health program, UC Saludable, in addition to a systematic review of the literature covering several years. The analysis develops four concepts that are central to all universities and that frame the health promotion effort: respond to health issues and educate the public; produce and disseminate health promotion knowledge; direct and support awareness of self-care and healthy lifestyles; and be a model change agent.

Las universidades desempeñan un papel protagónico en la sociedad donde están insertas. Orientadas al liderazgo y al desarrollo del conocimiento, son escenario de formación técnica y profesional de los miembros de la comunidad y, a través de la educación, la investigación y la difusión del saber, orientan y apoyan los cambios en diversos espacios nacionales e internacionales. Toda universidad cumple su misión social al penetrar en la cultura en que está inmersa, mediante el avance constante del saber en los temas de mayor relevancia y necesidad para cada país. De esta forma, las instituciones de educación superior buscan comprender los fenómenos y aportar soluciones que enriquezcan y orienten el futuro nacional, regional y mundial. En otras palabras, la existencia misma de una universidad implica su participación en la cultura y en los procesos relevantes de la nación a la que pertenece.

Home care’s contribution to alternative health care networks: deinstitutionalization and transformation of practices

Objective. To identify state-of-the-art home care within Brazil’s public health system, evaluate its potential for improving the comprehensiveness and humanization of care, and identify areas for expanding this care modality.
Methods. Seven home care initiatives were examined and cases were analyzed through interviews with five municipal services managers, seven service coordinators, all home-care team members, and with the service recipients, as well as the family members of the 27 cases selected. All of the interviews were recorded and transcribed. We also analyzed documents created by the home care services (policy manuals, management reports, evaluation reports, and care protocols), observed each team providing care (at least once for each of the seven service types), and analyzed the selected cases.
Results. The following types of home care were identified: palliative, AIDS, skin lesions/wounds, premature infant, bedridden patient, and supplemental intravenous antibiotic therapy for acute infection. The following positive aspects should be highlighted: the quality and humanization of care, team work, the bond developed with patients and family, the sense of responsibility taken on by the health workers, and the effective participation of caretakers and families in carrying out therapy plans.
Conclusion. The initiatives examined show that home care is possible even in economically disadvantaged environments and that it may effectively contribute to providing integrated and continued care. Home care should be expanded in the context of the public health system.

Objetivo. Identificar o estado da arte da atenção domiciliar no âmbito do sistema público de saúde no Brasil, analisar o seu potencial de inovação no sentido da integralidade e da humanização da atenção e indicar pistas para a sua ampliação.
Métodos. Sete experiências de cuidado domiciliar em cinco municípios brasileiros foram analisadas por meio de estudos de caso, com base em entrevistas com os cinco gestores municipais e os sete coordenadores dos serviços, com todos os componentes das equipes de atenção domiciliar e com os usuários e os familiares dos 27 casos selecionados. Todas as entrevistas foram gravadas e depois transcritas. Foram ainda analisados documentos produzidos pelos serviços (proposta política, relatórios de gestão, relatórios de avaliação, rotinas e protocolos de atenção), observados atendimentos (ao menos um de cada uma das equipes em todos os sete serviços) e analisados os casos traçadores.
Resultados. Foram identificados os seguintes tipos de atendimento domiciliar: cuidado paliativo, cuidado a pacientes com AIDS, cuidado a portadores de feridas e lesões de pele, acompanhamento de bebês prematuros, acompanhamento de acamados crônicos, antibioticoterapia endovenosa como complementação do tratamento para infecções agudas. São aspectos a destacar: a qualidade e a humanização da atenção, o trabalho em equipe, o desenvolvimento de vínculo e a responsabilização por parte dos trabalhadores e a participação efetiva dos cuidadores e das famílias na produção dos projetos terapêuticos.
Conclusão. As iniciativas examinadas mostraram que a atenção domiciliar é possível até em ambientes economicamente precários e que pode contribuir efetivamente para a produção de integralidade e de continuidade do cuidado, devendo ser ampliada no âmbito do sistema público de saúde.

Objectives. To describe knowledge, practices, and associated factors of medical students to prevent transmission of tuberculosis (TB) in five medical schools.
Methods. Cross-sectional survey of undergraduate medical students in preclinical and in early and late clinical years. Information was obtained on sociodemographic profile, previous lectures on TB, knowledge about TB transmission, exposure to patients with active pulmonary TB, and use of respiratory protective masks.
Results. Among 1 094 respondents, 575 (52.6%) correctly answered that coughing, speaking, and sneezing can transmit TB. Early [adjusted odds ratio = 4.0 (3.0, 5.5)] and late [adjusted odds ratio = 4.2 (3.1, 5.8)] clinical years were associated with correct answers, but having had previous lectures on TB was not. Among those who had previous lectures on TB, the rate of correct answers increased from 42.1% to 61.6%. Among 332 medical students who reported exposure to TB patients, 194 (58.4%) had not used protective masks. More years of clinical experience was associated with the use of masks [adjusted odds ratio = 2.9 (1.4, 6.1)], while knowledge was inversely associated with the use of masks [adjusted odds ratio = 0.4 (0.2, 0.6)].
Conclusions. Many medical students are not aware of the main routes of TB infection, and lectures on TB are not sufficient to change knowledge and practices. Regardless of knowledge about TB transmission, students engage in risky behaviors: more than two-thirds do not use a protective mask when examining an active TB case. We suggest innovative, effective active learning experiences to change this scenario.

los estudiantes de medicina para prevenir la transmisión de la tuberculosis en Río de Janeiro, Brasil

Objetivos. Describir los conocimientos y las prácticas de los estudiantes de medicina para prevenir la transmisión de la tuberculosis (TB) en cinco escuelas de medicina y sus factores asociados.
Métodos. Estudio transversal mediante encuesta a estudiantes de medicina de cursos preclínicos, clínicos iniciales y clínicos avanzados. Se obtuvo información del perfil sociodemográfico, las conferencias recibidas sobre TB, el conocimiento sobre la transmisión de la TB, la exposición a pacientes con TB pulmonar activa y el uso de máscaras respiratorias de protección.
Resultados. De los 1 094 encuestados, 575 (52,6%) respondieron correctamente que toser, hablar y estornudar pueden transmitir la TB. Estar en los cursos clínicos iniciales (razón de posibilidades ajustada [ORa] = 4,0; intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 3,0 a 5,5) y avanzados (ORa = 4,2; IC95%: 3,1 a 5,8) se asociaron con las respuestas correctas, no así haber recibido conferencias sobre TB. La tasa de respuestas correctas aumentó de 42,1% a 61,6% en los estudiantes que habían recibido conferencias sobre TB. De los 332 estudiantes de medicina que informaron haber estado expuestos a pacientes con TB, 194 (58,4%) no usaron máscaras protectoras. El mayor número de años de experiencia clínica se asoció con el uso de máscaras (ORa = 2,9; IC95%: 1,4 a 6,1), mientras que el conocimiento sobre el tema se asoció inversamente con el uso de máscaras (ORa = 0,4; IC95%: 0,2 a 0,6).
Conclusiones. Muchos estudiantes de medicina no conocen las vías principales de infección de la TB y las conferencias sobre TB no son suficientes para modificar sus conocimientos y actitudes. Independientemente del conocimiento sobre la transmisión de la TB, los estudiantes incurrieron en conductas de riesgo: más de dos terceras partes no usó máscaras protectoras al examinar casos activos de TB. Se recomienda establecer prácticas docentes innovadoras, efectivas y activas para cambiar este escenario.