Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/Pan American Journal of Public Health

Injuries from external causes in minors (less than 18 years of age) and adults at a hospital in Colombia

Objectives. To define and compare the types of injuries from external causes in patients more than and less than 18 years of age treated by the Mario Correa Rengifo Hospital.
Methods. An analysis was conducted of data retrieved from the Sistema de Vigilancia de Lesiones de Causa Externa (Surveillance System for Injuries from External Causes) maintained by the Mario Correa Rengifo Hospital in Cali, Colombia, to compare minors (less than 18 years of age) with adults during January 2004–December 2007.
Results. A total of 4 507 minors were seen, most of whom (69.3%) were boys, with unintentional injuries (75.5%); however, 88% of the intentional injuries were personto- person and 12% were self-inflicted. Injuries had occurred most frequently in the home (44.1%) and on the street (39.5%); the most frequent activity was recreation (53.3%). The minors had more head injuries (odds ratio [OR] = 1.62; P = 0.0000) and maxillofacial injuries (OR = 1.49; P = 0.0000) than did the adults. Alcohol had been consumed in 5.8% and drugs in 2.6%, both of which increased intentional injuries (alcohol OR = 4.25 and drugs OR = 1.56).
Conclusions. The number of patients less than 18 years of age with injuries from external causes being treated at the Mario Correa Rengifo Hospital is constantly rising. The circumstances regarding injuries seen in children and adolescents differ from those of adults in that minors tend to suffer more unintentional injuries in the home or in the street where they play regularly. It is important that special educational and structural strategies be implemented to prevent injuries of this type.

Objetivos. Definir y comparar las características de las lesiones de causa externa entre los pacientes menores y mayores de 18 años que consultaron al Hospital Mario Correa Rengifo.
Métodos. Se realizó un análisis de la información recabada mediante el Sistema de Vigilancia de Lesiones de Causa Externa del hospital Mario Correa Rengifo de Cali, Colombia, comparando menores y mayores de edad, entre enero de 2004 y diciembre de 2007.
Resultados. Se atendieron 4 507 menores de 18 años, la mayoría varones (69,3%), con 75,5% de las lesiones no intencionales (aunque 88% de las lesiones intencionales fueron interpersonales y 12% autoinfligidas). Las lesiones se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en la residencia (44,1%) y la calle (39,5%); la actividad más frecuente fue la recreación (53,3%). Los menores de 18 años tuvieron más lesiones en el cráneo (razón de posibilidades [OR] = 1,62; P = 0,0000) y la región maxilofacial (OR = 1,49; P = 0,0000) que los mayores. En 5,8% hubo consumo de alcohol y en 2,6% de drogas, lo que incrementó la ocurrencia de lesiones intencionales (alcohol OR = 4,25 y drogas OR = 1,56).
Conclusiones. El número de pacientes menores de 18 años de edad con lesiones de causa externa que son atendidos en el hospital Mario Correa Rengifo aumenta cada vez más. El comportamiento de las lesiones en la niñez y adolescencia es diferente al de los mayores, pues tienen más lesiones no intencionales, que ocurren en el lugar de residencia o en las calles, donde habitualmente juegan. Es importante implementar diversas estrategias, educativas y estructurales para la prevención de este tipo de lesiones.

Description of the pharmaceutical services offered by the universal health care system at the primary care level in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil

Objectives. To describe the pharmaceutical services offered at the primary care level by Brazil’s Sistema Único de Salud (Universal Health Care System).
Methods. The study took place in Londrina, Paraná, in January–March 2003. The World Health Organization’s recommended drug use indicators were employed. In- cluded in the study were 13 primary health care facilities in which 390 patients were interviewed.
Results. None of the facilities had a pharmacist. The average office visit lasted 8.6 minutes; the mean number of drugs prescribed was 2.2; and injections were given in 10.9%. Generic drugs were prescribed 66.5% of the time and 73% of the prescribed drugs were included in the Lista Municipal de Medicamentos Esenciales (Municipal List of Essential Drugs). Only 46.6% of the patients interviewed reported having the basic instructions required for appropriate use of the drug prescribed.
Conclusions. These results can aid in restructuring the municipality’s pharmaceuti- cal services because they underscore the need to improve and to increase rational drug use as a therapeutic resource imperative to supporting health efforts.

Objetivos. Caracterizar a los servicios farmacéuticos de atención primaria del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) de Brasil.
Métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en Londrina, Paraná, Brasil, de enero a marzo de 2003. Se utilizaron los indicadores de uso de los medicamentos propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se incluyeron 13 unidades de atención primaria de salud, donde se entrevistaron 390 pacientes.
Resultados. Ninguna de las unidades contaba con un farmacéutico. El promedio de duración de la consulta médica fue de 8,6 minutos; el de medicamentos por prescripción, 2,2; y el de uso de inyectables, 10,9%. La denominación genérica se utilizó en 66,5% de las prescripciones y 73,3% de los medicamentos constaban en la Lista Municipal de Medicamentos Esenciales (REMUME). Solamente 46,6% de los pacientes entrevistados refirieron tener la información mínima para usar correctamente los medicamentos prescritos.
Conclusión. Estos resultados pueden contribuir para la reorganización de los servicios farmacéuticos en el municipio, ya que señalan la necesidad del fortalecimiento y del uso racional de medicamentos como recursos terapéuticos necesarios para apoyar a las acciones de salud.

Objectives. To assess the impact of chronic disease and the number of diseases on the various aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among the elderly in São Paulo, Brazil.
Methods. The SF-36® Health Survey was used to assess the impact of the most prevalent chronic diseases on HRQOL. A cross-sectional and population-based study was carried out with two-stage stratified cluster sampling. Data were obtained from a multicenter health survey administered through household interviews in several municipalities in the state of São Paulo. The study evaluated seven diseases—arthritis, back-pain, depression/anxiety, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, and stroke—and their effects on quality of life.
Results. Among the 1 958 elderly individuals (60 years of age or older), 13.6% reported not having any of the illnesses, whereas 45.7% presented three or more chronic conditions. The presence of any of the seven chronic illnesses studied had a significant effect on the scores of nearly all the SF-36® scales. HRQOL achieved lower scores when related to depression/ anxiety, osteoporosis, and stroke. The higher the number of diseases, the greater the negative effect on the SF-36® dimensions. The presence of three or more diseases significantly affected HRQOL in all areas. The bodily pain, general health, and vitality scales were the most affected by diseases.
Conclusions. The study detected a high prevalence of chronic diseases among the elderly population and found that the degree of impact on HRQOL depends on the type of disease. The results highlight the importance of preventing and controlling chronic diseases in order to reduce the number of comorbidities and lessen their impact on HRQOL among the elderly.

OImpacto de las enfermedades crónicas en la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil: estudio poblacional.

Objetivos. Determinar el impacto de las enfermedades crónicas y el número de enfermedades en los diversos aspectos de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (HRQOL) en adultos mayores de São Paulo, Brasil.
Métodos. Se empleó la encuesta de salud SF-36® para evaluar el impacto de las enfermedades crónicas de mayor prevalencia sobre la HRQOL. Se realizó un estudio poblacional transversal con un muestreo por conglomerados estratificado en dos etapas. Se obtuvieron los datos de una encuesta multicéntrica sobre la salud aplicada mediante entrevistas en hogares de varios municipios del estado de São Paulo. Se evaluaron siete enfermedades —artritis, dolor de espalda, depresión/ansiedad, diabetes, hipertensión arterial, osteoporosis y accidentes cerebrovasculares— y sus efectos sobre la calidad de vida.
Resultados. De los 1 958 adultos mayores de 60 años o más, 13,6% informaron no padecer ninguna de las enfermedades, mientras 45,7% presentaron tres enfermedades crónicas o más. La presencia de cualquiera de las siete enfermedades crónicas estudiadas influyó significativamente en la puntuación de casi todas las escalas de la SF- 36®. La HRQOL alcanzó valores inferiores cuando la persona tenía depresión/ansiedad, osteoporosis o había sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular. A mayor número de enfermedades, mayores eran los efectos negativos en las dimensiones de la SF-36®. La presencia de tres enfermedades o más afectó significativamente la HRQOL en todas las áreas. Las escalas más afectadas por las enfermedades fueron dolor físico, salud general y vitalidad.
Conclusiones. Se encontró una alta prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas en la población de adultos mayores; la magnitud del efecto sobre la HRQOL dependió del tipo de enfermedad. Estos resultados destacan la importancia de prevenir y controlar las enfermedades crónicas para reducir la comorbilidad y disminuir su impacto sobre la HRQOL en los adultos mayores.

Objectives. Assess the extent of the teaching of care for individuals with special needs in schools of dentistry in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and deans and program directors’ willingness to introduce such programmatic modules into the curricula.
Methods. The survey instrument (a short-answer questionnaire modeled from the U.S. Curriculum Assessment of Needs Project) was delivered to a survey sample gleaned from all LAC dental schools listed in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Directory of Medical Schools through a Web-based survey tool that delivered the questionnaire via e-mail and stored and displayed responses graphically and in real time. Schools with incorrect or insufficient e-mail/contact information or a primary working language other than Spanish or Portuguese were excluded from the study. A total of three attempts (by e-mail and telephone) were made to follow up nonrespondents.
Results. More than half of the 142 respondents indicated their students were receiving less than 5 hours of didactic training and less than 5 hours of clinical training in the care of individuals with special needs. Of these 142 respondents, 23% and 30%, respectively, reported that no curricula hours were needed for didactic or clinical training focused exclusively on care of individuals with special needs. Emphasis on the difficulties in developing such programs was placed on lack of faculty experienced in the care of patients with special needs.
Conclusion. There is a need for increased didactic and clinical preparation of graduates of LAC dental schools in the care of individuals with special health needs.

Escuelas de odontología de América Latina y el Caribe: enseñanza sobre necesidades especiales

Objetivos. Evaluar en qué grado se enseña sobre la atención a las personas con necesidades especiales en las escuelas de odontología de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y la disposición de los decanos y los directores de programas de introducir estos módulos en los currículos.
Métodos. Se envió una encuesta (un cuestionario de respuestas breves modelado a partir del U.S. Curriculum Assessment of Needs Project) a todas las escuelas de odontología de ALC incluidas en el Directorio Mundial de Escuelas de Medicina de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Para ello se empleó una herramienta de encuesta en línea que enviaba el cuestionario por correo electrónico y almacenaba y presentaba las respuestas gráficamente en tiempo real. Se excluyeron las escuelas con información de contacto/correo electrónico incorrecta o insuficiente y las escuelas cuyo idioma de trabajo no era español o portugués. Se hicieron tres seguimientos (por correo electrónico y teléfono) a las que no respondían.
Resultados. Más de la mitad de las 142 escuelas que respondieron afirmaron que sus estudiantes recibían menos de 5 horas de entrenamiento didáctico y menos de 5 horas de entrenamiento clínico para la atención de personas con necesidades especiales. De los 142 encuestados, 23% y 30% informaron que no se necesitaban horas curriculares para el entrenamiento didáctico o clínico, respectivamente, enfocadas exclusivamente en la atención de personas con necesidades especiales. En cuanto a las dificultades para desarrollar estos programas se observó un mayor énfasis en la falta de profesores con experiencia en la atención de pacientes con necesidades especiales.
Conclusiones. Se necesita aumentar la preparación didáctica y clínica de los graduados de las escuelas de odontología de ALC en la atención de personas con necesidades especiales.

Health needs in marginalized urban areas in Mexico

Objective. To understand the health needs of the population living in Mexico’s marginalized urban areas.
Methods. A population-based survey of families residing in poor, urban neighborhoods, in five geographic areas in Mexico (northern, central, southern, south-east, and Mexico City), selected through multistage sampling. Interviews were conducted and anthropometric measurements were taken in the home, and included all members of the participating family. Analysis was carried out on positive health factors, nutrition, reproductive health, health problems, and mental health, and results were disaggregated by age and sex.
Results. In all, 24 707 individuals participated. The interviewees were found to have minimal schooling (6 years or less). Only 46.8% had health care coverage, be it public or private. Among the children, 19.8% were malnourished; overweight was prevalent from adolescence onwards. Of adolescents 12–19 years of age, 15.7% were sexually active, but only 57.7% of the males and 41.9% of the females in this age group were using some method of contraception. Of the adults, 5.9% suffered from diabetes and 11.5%, from high blood pressure. In the sample of adolescents, adults, and elderly adults, tobacco use was 21.2%; alcohol consumption, 36.0%; illicit drug use, 9.5%; and depression, 20.2%.
Conclusions. The health needs of people living in Mexico’s marginalized urban areas proliferate in the context of a young population with weak ties and little support from family and health services. They face crisis and disease—infant malnutrition, high-risk pregnancy, and addictions—the byproducts of disparities in social progress. The rate of chronic conditions was similar to that of the general population of Mexico.

Objetivo. Evaluar las necesidades de salud de la población residente en áreas urbanas marginadas de México.
Métodos. Encuesta poblacional a familias residentes en colonias urbanas pobres de cinco regiones geográficas de México (Norte, Centro, Sur, Sureste y Ciudad de México), seleccionadas mediante un muestreo polietápico. Se realizaron entrevistas y mediciones antropométricas en sus domicilios a todos los integrantes de las familias seleccionadas y se analizaron las características de salud positiva, nutrición, salud reproductiva, daños a la salud y salud mental por grupos de análisis formados por edad y sexo.
Resultados. Participaron 24 707 personas. En los entrevistados se observó una baja escolaridad (6 años o menos) y solo 46,8% tuvo cobertura de servicios de salud, ya fuera en instituciones públicas o privadas. De los niños, 19,8% presentaba desmedro y el sobrepeso predominó a partir de la adolescencia. En los adolescentes de 12 a 19 años, 15,7% tenía vida sexual activa, pero solo 57,7% de los hombres y 41,9% de las mujeres de ese grupo de edad usaban algún método anticonceptivo. De los adultos, 5,9% padecía diabetes y 11,5% hipertensión arterial. En la muestra de adolescentes, adultos y adultos mayores, el tabaquismo fue de 21,2%, el consumo de alcohol de 36,0%, el uso de drogas de 9,5% y la depresión de 20,2%.
Conclusiones. La vulnerabilidad sanitaria de las personas que viven en las áreas urbanas marginadas de México se manifiesta en la existencia de una población joven, con pocas redes de apoyo familiar y de servicios de salud, que sufre trastornos y enfermedades, como la desnutrición infantil, el alto riesgo reproductivo y las adicciones en adolescentes y adultos, producto del rezago en el desarrollo social. La prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas fue similar a la de la población mexicana no marginada.

Health risk behaviors among adolescents in the south of Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

Objective. To determine the prevalence of health risk behaviors and to analyze factors associated with exposure to such behaviors among adolescents in the state of Santa Catarina in the south of Brazil.
Methods. Adolescents attending 240 high school classes at the state’s public schools answered a questionnaire that collected demographics (sex, age, area of residence, and day versus night classes), social and economic data (working status and monthly family income), and information on health risk behaviors (insufficient levels of physical activity, low intake of fruits/vegetables, smoking, alcohol abuse, illicit drug use, involvement in physical fights, and irregular use of condoms).
Results. The completed questionnaires of 5 028 adolescents (2 984 females and 2 044 males), 15–19 years of age (mean = 17.0; standard deviation = 1.12), were considered valid. The most prevalent health risk behaviors were insufficient levels of physical activity (36.5%), low intake of fruits/vegetables (46.5%), and irregular use of condoms (38.3%). Approximately 7 of 10 adolescents (64.7%) were exposed to two or more risk behaviors simultaneously. The following risk subgroups were identified: male adolescents, adolescents from 18–19 years of age, living in urban areas, studying at night, and having a higher family income.
Conclusions. The percentage of adolescents exposed to health risk behaviors was high, especially when simultaneous exposure to different behaviors was considered. These results can contribute to developing health promotion campaigns for the school setting that are specifically aimed at the risk subgroups identified.

Objetivo. Determinar a prevalência de comportamentos de risco à saúde e analisar fatores associados à exposição a esses comportamentos em adolescentes do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil.
Método. Adolescentes escolares de 240 turmas do ensino médio da rede pública estadual responderam a um questionário para a coleta de informações demográficas (sexo, idade, região de residência e período de estudo), socioeconômicas (trabalho e renda familiar mensal) e de comportamentos de risco à saúde (níveis insuficientes de atividade física, baixo consumo de frutas/ verduras, tabagismo, consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas, consumo de drogas ilícitas, envolvimento em brigas e não utilizar preservativos regularmente nas relações sexuais).
Resultados. Foram considerados válidos os questionários de 5 028 adolescentes (2 984 do sexo feminino e 2 044 do sexo masculino), com idade entre 15 e 19 anos (média = 17,0; desvio padrão = 1,12). Os comportamentos de risco mais prevalentes na amostra foram níveis insuficientes de atividade física (36,5%), baixo consumo de frutas/verduras (46,5%) e não utilizar preservativos regularmente nas relações sexuais (38,3%). Aproximadamente sete em cada 10 adolescentes (64,7%) estavam expostos a dois ou mais comportamentos de risco de forma simultânea. Os seguintes subgrupos de risco foram identificados: adolescentes do sexo masculino, adolescentes de 18 a 19 anos de idade, que residem em área urbana, que estudam no período noturno e que têm maior renda familiar.
Conclusões. A proporção de adolescentes expostos a comportamentos de risco à saúde foi elevada, principalmente ao se considerar a exposição simultânea a diferentes comportamentos. Os resultados encontrados podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de programas de promoção da saúde no ambiente escolar, direcionados principalmente aos subgrupos de risco.

Barriers to interventions aimed at promoting the health of health care workers in Brazil

Objective. To search the literature for circumstances that impede injury and disease prevention and other activities intended to improve the health of the health care worker.
Methods. The SciELO database was searched for articles published in 1967–2008. This was supplemented by a PubMed search for the period 1950–2008. The following key words were used to identify articles in English, Portuguese, and Spanish: work, health personnel, occupational, risks, diseases, ergonomics, work ability, quality of life, organization, accidents, work conditions, intervention, and administration. Articles on injury and disease prevention and occupational health in a health care setting in Latin America were selected, along with articles focused on health promotion in the health sector.
Results. The following shortcomings were identified: activities lacked a sound theoretical foundation and were not integrated with the health services management; a failure to evaluate the effectiveness of the activity; health surveillance focused solely on a specific disease or injury; management not committed to the proposed activity; miscommunication; inability of workers to participate, or control the work environment; and, programs or efforts that were limited to changing the workers’ behaviors.
Conclusions. The literature shows that all the barriers identified by this study affect both the health care workers’ health as well as their productivity.

Objetivo. Identificar na literatura situações que possam impedir ou prejudicar as ações de prevenção de acidentes e doenças ou de promoção da saúde de trabalhadores do setor saúde.
Método. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura utilizando a base SciELO para o período de 1967 a 2008, complementada por busca na base PubMed para o período de 1950 a 2008. Os seguintes termos foram utilizados para identificar artigos em português, inglês e espanhol: trabalho, trabalhador, ocupacional, riscos, doenças, ergonomia, capacidade para o trabalho, qualidade de vida, organização, acidentes, condições de trabalho, intervenção e administração. Foram selecionados artigos sobre prevenção de doenças e acidentes e sobre promoção da saúde no trabalho em serviços de saúde latino-americanos. Também foram selecionados artigos sobre intervenções em ambientes de trabalho no setor saúde.
Resultados. Foram identificadas as seguintes situações desfavoráveis: programas de intervenção sem boa base teórica e não integrados à gestão do serviço como um todo; falhas em avaliar a eficácia das intervenções; vigilância da saúde restrita a doenças e agravos específicos; falta de compromisso da gestão com as intervenções; falhas na comunicação; falta de participação e controle por parte dos trabalhadores sobre o ambiente de trabalho; e programas e intervenções baseados exclusivamente na mudança comportamental dos trabalhadores.
Conclusões. A literatura mostra que todas as barreiras citadas afetam tanto a melhoria do estado de saúde dos trabalhadores em saúde quanto a sua capacidade para o trabalho.

The effects of a rural environment on the prevalence of allergic rhinitis among schoolchildren in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico

Objectives. To assess the prevalence of allergic rhinitis symptoms among schoolchildren in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, and determine what impact a rural environment might have on this condition.
Methods. A population-based, cross-sectional study using a standardized questionnaire administered to a random sample of 2 087 schoolchildren 6–7 years of age (1 078 girls and 1 009 boys) living in the city of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. The study analyzed associations between exposure variables and personal and family health history, and two dependent variables—nasal symptoms and nasal and ocular symptoms, in the absence of a cold or flu–using odd ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI). The study took place in February–July 2004 and followed the methodology of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC).
Results. The general prevalence of nasal symptoms and nasal and ocular symptoms was 25.0% and 10.5%, respectively. The boys and girls who had ever lived on a farm or in a rural area had a lower probability, adjusted for confounding variables, of presenting nasal symptoms (OR = 0.43; 95%CI: 0.24–0.77), or nasal and ocular symptoms (OR = 0.39; 95%CI: 0.16–0.93).
Conclusions. In the study population, exposure to a rural environment in early childhood decreased the risk of developing allergic rhinitis, regardless of a family history of asthma.

Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas de rinitis alérgica en escolares de Mexicali, Baja California, México, y evaluar la influencia del medio ambiente rural sobre esta afección.
Métodos. Estudio transversal poblacional mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario estandarizado en una muestra aleatoria de 2 087 escolares de 6 a 7 años (1 078 niñas y 1 009 niños) residentes en la ciudad de Mexicali, Baja California, México. Se evaluó la asociación entre variables de exposición y antecedentes clínicos personales y familiares, y dos variables dependientes: síntomas nasales y síntomas nasales y oculares, en ausencia de catarro o gripe, con sus razones de posibilidades (OR, odds ratios) e intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC95%). El estudio, realizado entre febrero y julio de 2004, utilizó la metodología del Estudio Internacional de Asma y Alergia en la Infancia (ISAAC).
Resultados. Las prevalencias generales de síntomas nasales y síntomas nasales y oculares fueron de 25,0% y 10,5%, respectivamente. Los niños y las niñas que habían vivido en el campo o zona rural en algún momento presentaron menor probabilidad de padecer síntomas nasales (OR = 0,43; IC95%: 0,24 a 0,77) y síntomas nasales y oculares (OR = 0,39; IC95%: 0,16 a 0,93), después de ajustar por factores de confusión.
Conclusiones. El contacto con el medio rural en los primeros años de vida disminuyó el riesgo de presentar rinitis alérgica en la población estudiada, independientemente de los antecedentes familiares de asma.

The state of mental health primary care in the social services of El Alto, La Paz, Bolivia

Objectives. To determine the mental health and behavioral disorders (MHBD) treated by a Bolivian health network; and to gauge the perspective of the health professionals, community members, and care-providers in order to identify ways to better handle the issues.
Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2005 in 15 public health centers in districts 2 and 3 of the Corea Network, one of four urban networks in the municipality of El Alto, province of Murillo, department of La Paz, Bolivia. The research and active participation methodology was employed through interviews, focus group sessions, review of external consultation logs and clinical histories, and active observation.
Results. Only 0.05% of primary care visits were for MHBD. Among the barriers identified by doctors were: lack of a specialized reference center (60.0%), not enough time (40.0%), a shortage of specialized personnel (33.3%), the drug supply (20.0%), and undertrained staff (16.6%). The departmental and federal programs have limited human resources training, standards of care are nonexistent, and the information system does not collect data on MHBD. Community members amply identified the mental health problems and care needs that, to date, have not been met by the social services.
Conclusiones. Training and development of primary care services staff must be expanded so as to provide the proper care for mental health disorders. Improvements must be made in the management of health care services and the reporting of behavioral and mental health disorders. Another recommendation is to incorporate community participation in the model approach to mental health within the framework of primary health care.

Objetivos. Caracterizar los trastornos de salud mental o conductuales (TSMC) atendidos en una red de salud boliviana y conocer la percepción de profesionales sanitarios, representantes de la comunidad y responsables de brindar los servicios a fin de identificar los elementos necesarios para mejorar la respuesta a estos problemas.
Método. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo entre enero y diciembre de 2005 en los 15 centros públicos de salud de los distritos 2 y 3 pertenecientes a la Red Corea, una de las cuatro redes urbanas del municipio de El Alto, provincia de Murillo, departamento de La Paz, Bolivia. Se utilizó la metodología de investigación y acción participativa mediante entrevistas, sesiones en grupos focales, análisis de los cuadernos de registros de consultas externas e historias clínicas y la observación participante.
Resultados. Solo 0,05% de las consultas en los servicios de primer nivel correspondían a TSMC. Entre las dificultades percibidas por los médicos para la atención de esos pacientes están la falta de un centro de referencia especializado (60,0%), la falta de tiempo (40,0%), la ausencia de personal especializado (33,3%), la carencia de medicamentos (20,0%) y la insuficiente capacitación del personal (16,6%). Los programas departamentales y nacionales tienen limitaciones para la capacitación de los recursos humanos, no existen normas de atención y el sistema de información no registra variables sobre TSMC. Las personas de la comunidad identificaron adecuadamente los problemas de salud mental y las necesidades de atención que a la fecha no tienen respuesta de los servicios.
Conclusiones. Se deben fortalecer la formación y la capacitación del personal de los servicios de atención primaria de salud para lograr una adecuada atención de los trastornos de salud mental. Se debe mejorar la gestión de los servicios y el registro de los trastornos de comportamiento y de salud mental. También se recomienda integrar la participación comunitaria al modelo de abordaje de la salud mental dentro del marco de la atención primaria de salud.

Global public health: international health is tested to its limits by the human influenza A epidemic

This article comes from the intense international pressure that follows a near-catastrophy, such as the human influenza A H1N1 epidemic, and the limited resources for confronting such events. The analysis covers prevailing 20th century trends in the international public health arena and the change-induced challenges brought on by globalization, the transition set in motion by what has been deemed the “new” international public health and an ever-increasing focus on global health, in the context of an international scenario of shifting risks and opportunities and a growing number of multinational players.

Global public health is defined as a public right, based on a new appreciation of the public, a new paradigm centered on human rights, and altruistic philosophy, politics, and ethics that undergird the changes in international public health on at least three fronts: redefining its theoretical foundation, improving world health, and renewing the international public health system, all of which is the byproduct of a new form of governance. A new world health system, directed by new global public institutions, would aim to make public health a global public right and face a variety of staggering challenges, such as working on public policy management on a global scale, renewing and democratizing the current global governing structure, and conquering the limits and weaknesses witnessed by international health.

La sociedad mundial se ha declarado en alerta por la que se ha considerado la mayor amenaza biológica para la humanidad en el siglo XXI: la epidemia de influenza que se viene pronosticando hace más de dos años (1) e iniciada recientemente por el virus de la influenza humana A H1N1, ad portas de convertirse en una pandemia. Surge así una fuerte presión internacional para considerar las limitaciones que presenta el enfoque de salud pública internacional actual para enfrentar eventos cuasicatastróficos como este.